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Among the variety of software development techniques that have been proposed and implemented over the years, one of the most promising is the structured technique known as object-oriented programming.
The use of structured techniques as they apply to software costs and productivity tends to focus on analysis and design and distributes time to the various tasks differently. The earlier in the process that errors are discovered and fixed, the less likely they are to impact software lifecycle productivity. Structured techniques use complex models to represent characteristics of systems and can be configured to view the process or view the data.
For these techniques to be effective, they must be applied with the right attitude, with adequate training, and must use feedback from experienced practitioners to improve the process. Issue Focus: Information Systems Software engineering is as important to all project managers today as it is to project managers of software projects.
The precise impact of the structured techniques on development costs is difficult to assess because: Few organizations have kept the statistics needed to be able to accurately compare costs before and after the introduction of new techniques.
The effect of the learning curve inherent in introducing any new method is difficult to gauge. New techniques are often introduced in conjunction with other innovations, such as CASE Computer-aided Software Engineering tools, methodologies and revised project management processes.
Use of Models Like other engineering disciplines, modern software engineering relies heavily on the use of models. Component Complexity The level of complexity of systems being developed today far exceeds the ability of any individual to completely grasp all of the details and determine if there are any errors, omissions or inconsistencies.
Process vs. Information There are two different ways to look at systems, the process view and the data view: A collection of processes or functions that transforms input data to output data An organized set of stored data that may be modified and retrieved as needed Structured analysis and structured design highlight the process view while information modeling represents the data view.
Iteration None of the techniques expect perfection to be achieved immediately, but rather provide an iterative process for creating their final deliverables: Heuristics methods are used to get started quickly, and then evaluation criteria are applied to improve and refine the initial effort. Certain model components may be created in stages. For example, a preliminary overview diagram may be used to derive a first-cut detailed diagram.
Information gathered while refining the detailed diagram may then be used to complete the overview diagram. Logical vs. Physical An important distinction is made between: Logical models of the system, representing what the system does, and Physical models, representing how the system is to be implemental.
Both logical and physical data models are produced, as are logical and physical process models. Documentation The product of a software development project is not just the working system, but also all of the documentation as to requirements, design details, source code and test cases. Project Management Any software development techniques used must support the project management process. The techniques also suggest metrics other than lines-of-code; for example, number of primitive processes structured analysis , or number of entities information modeling.
CASE TOOLS For very small systems it is possible to produce all of the models using paper and pencil, but for systems of any reasonable size it is important to have automated support. CASE tools are used to Create graphic and textual model components. Perform some completeness and correctness checking. Currently available tools can determine if the graphic symbols are being used correctly and if a definition exists for every name used within a model, but do not yet contain enough intelligence to do more sophisticated error-checking.
Perform consistency checking. Every model component must be checked against the other model components to ensure that the complete set of models contains no conflicting information.
Provide a shared repository to aid in integrating the different techniques used during the entire lifecycle. Detailed information about all of the various models can be stored in a central database, to be accessed as needed. Quality Using the techniques of software engineering is an integral part of the application of Total Quality Management TQM to software development. Early identification of the customer user and an emphasis on determining and satisfying the customer's requirements Installing the correct software the first time, every time Responding to the user's changing requirements by making modifications in a timely, cost-effective manner without degrading the quality of the system Improving overall quality and productivity by minimizing the number of software defects that can be prevented by expending additional effort during analysis and design.
Not only does the final, installed product contain fewer defects, but much of the rework that has been deemed an acceptable, and indeed expected, part of the implementation phase is eliminated.
Reviews and inspections of the models, along with some testing of code, will remain necessary to identify defects because: No two systems are identical, and while the steps of the process maybe repeatable, the product is always different.
Although more and more of the process is being standardized and automated, many aspects of software development require creative intellectual activity-and are likely to continue to do so for the foreseeable future.
If you understand data structures, know the use for a hash table, and want to learn how to design programs that can handle large amounts of data, then learning object-oriented programming might be a good fit for you moving ahead in your career. Learn a job-relevant skill that you can use today in under 2 hours through an interactive experience guided by a subject matter expert.
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Coursera degrees cost much less than comparable on-campus programs. Showing total results for "object oriented programming".
Beginner Level. Intermediate Level. Guided Project. Data Structures. Operating System. Computer Network. Compiler Design. Computer Organization. Discrete Mathematics. Ethical Hacking. Computer Graphics. Web Technology. Cyber Security. C Programming. Control System. Data Mining. Data Warehouse. Javatpoint Services JavaTpoint offers too many high quality services. Specifically, programming without inheritance is distinctly not object-oriented; we call it programming with abstract data types.
So in order for a program to be an OO one, are inheritance, abstraction, encapsulation, and polymorphism? Abstraction and Encapsulation are really the only things required for something to be object- oriented. Inheritance and polymorphism are strategies to take advantage of NOT "reinventing the wheel" which is a benefit to using OO designs.
The base idea behind OO design is to get a large amount of programmers to work together on project X without incurring massive communication overhead, and breaking a project down into objects with defined communication between them is an elegant solution. There are several concepts that related or part of the Object Oriented Paradigm. You already mention most of them. For example, one concept you didn't mention, is message-passing, that is missing in most current O.
I worked sometimes with several variants or "idioms" of Object Oriented Pascal, that had several of those features, and there was a variant that allowed to use "messages", as part of the programming language keyword "message" , similar to "try catch" exceptions, but, without interrupting execution.
While, other variants, and other programming languages provided as optional libraries functions not keywords. You may find that sometimes a programming language may skip some of them, and still be considered by some people O. Its very subjective. So to answer your main question, yes, all the things that you are mentioning are "a must" for writing good OOP code.
You could model any domain without inheritance. Inheritance helps to sometimes be more clear about classes, but it is not a mandatory thing in object orientation, despite Booch's quote.
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